199 Revisiting Mechanisms, Methods, and Models for Altering Cell Wall Utilization for Ruminants

Abstract Several wild and domesticated ruminants rely almost exclusively on the complex carbohydrate matrix from plant cell wall (PCW) as their primary energy source via volatile fatty acids produced through ruminal some hindgut fermentation processes. The PCW comprises different proportions types of polysaccharides, pectic substances, polyphenols (lignin, tannins), amino-N compounds (amino acids, peptides, proteins) that impact its digestibility nutritive value. Thus, understanding biosynthetic formation will shed light possible manipulation mechanisms (e.g., genetic selection, management, fertilization) processing methods physical, chemical, or enzymatic treatments) to increase digestibility, leading better utilization by ruminant animal. Laboratory techniques must be developed, evaluated, modified accurately reliably reflect value brought about modern methods. chemical determination lignin association with carbohydrates still lack consensus, although acid detergent has been demonstrated behave uniformly a nutritional entity. Spectroscopy (near-infrared Raman) in vitro gas production have adopted assess composition value, but an incomplete impacts caused disrupting for sample exists. limitations these laboratory partially led mathematical models improve explanation dynamics. Different variations multicompartmental time- age-dependent based gamma distribution proposed determine rates degradation passage fiber. However, low-quality data due inconsistent marker results used transit time fiber gastrointestinal tract hindered advancements adoptions next generation computer understand rumen. mechanistic modeling artificial intelligence perhaps predictions.